![]() During injection tendrils of basalt are entrained into the phonolite triggering a “fountain-like” process of mingling. The centrifugal force exerted by rotation has accelerated the injection of the basalt into the phonolite (see Methods section). The initial compositions of end-members were an alkali basalt and a phonolite from the Campi Flegrei volcanic system (Italy) 19. The new methods presented here, based on the concept of the time decay of the variance of chemical composition during mingling, frees us from both of the above constraints in estimating the timescale of the mingling process. The latter is an even greater problem as the advective history of mingling magmas is a chaotic process which cannot be unravelled by attempting to numerically “undo” the process of magmatic flow. The lack of a general model, accounting for the role of all chemical components and their interdependence in dynamic systems, significantly hinders our understanding of magmatic systems. Natural silicate melts contain far more relevant chemical species. The models that have been proposed to account for the multi-component nature of diffusion processes in igneous systems 16, 17, 18 are typically based on the modeling of three or four components. ![]() The former is highly underconstrained by current models. ![]() Such quantification however requires a comprehensive model of multicomponent melt diffusion and a knowledge of the advective history of the mingling magmatic system. In principle the rate of homogenization of compositional gradients in natural melts can be quantified by chemical diffusion modeling 13, 14, 15, 16. Its detailed understanding is therefore of primary importance for petrology and volcanology, with direct implications for volcanic monitoring during volcano unrest and as a consequence, for hazard mitigation planning and risk analysis. It is also commonly associated with highly explosive volcanic eruptions 9, 10, 11, 12. Magma mixing is also recognized to be a major process in generating extreme compositional variations in magmas 5, 7, 8. The latter is a ubiquitous petrologic process involved in planetary evolution 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The action of chemical gradients and their homogenization in the melt phase influences, for example, the rates of crystallization, assimilation of country rocks and magma mixing. The mobility of chemical elements in magmas plays a key role in the homogenization of the compositional gradients that attend the processes of magma differentiation. We anticipate the routine application of the CVD- R geochronometer to the eruptive products of active volcanoes in future in order to constrain typical “mixing to eruption” time lapses such that monitoring activities can be targeted at relevant timescales and signals during volcanic unrest. These in turn imply ascent velocities of 5-8 meters per second. Using the calibrated CVD- R technique we have obtained mingling-to-eruption times for three explosive volcanic eruptions from Campi Flegrei (Italy) in the range of tens of minutes. The resultant novel technique is fully independent of the typically unknown advective history of mixing – a notorious uncertainty which plagues the application of many diffusional analyses of magmatic history. ![]() With this calibration the CVD rate (CVD- R) becomes a new geochronometer for the time lapse from initiation of mixing to eruption. The results of these experiments demonstrate that compositional variance decays exponentially with time. In order to calibrate this petrological/volcanological clock we have performed a time-series of high temperature experiments of magma mixing. Concentration variance is a useful metric of this process and its decay (CVD) with time is an inevitable consequence during the progress of magma mixing. Will continue looking but there doesn't seem to be anything that has a cohesive experience and suits my needs.The mixing of magmas is a common phenomenon in explosive eruptions. Also, MyNetDiary's macro ratio split is paywalled and I find the whole app as convoluted as MFP which again makes me not want to use it. Imo, both apps above have ugly & poorly designed user interfaces which makes me not want to use them (bit picky, I know). When connecting to Google Fit you can actually toggle what type of data to sync to or from Google Fit which is very handy. MyNetDiary will also export calories to Google Fit and update them if you remove or change items in the app. I've tried Cronometer and LifeSum but they do not either.įatSecret will export calories to Google Fit and also update it if you decide to change or remove items. Just got back into calorie tracking with MFP but not liking the experience and it does not export calories to Google Fit. Hi, I've had some success but still disappointed with the options out there as well.
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